Methods and apparatus for configuration of femtocells in a wireless network

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus that enable and optimize the simultaneous operation of several wireless femtocells having overlapping coverage areas. In one embodiment of the invention, a resource allocation (e.g., time-frequency grid for an OFDM or TDMA based wireless network) governs the simultaneous operation of several femtocells with overlapping coverage areas by specifying uses for resources. A resource allocation unit (RAU) entity is disclosed for managing and modifying resource allocations for femtocells. The community of femtocells can flexibly share resources according to the time-frequency grid, thereby maximizing spectral efficiency without requiring substantial network overhead.

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

The present invention relates generally to the field of wirelesscommunication and data networks. More particularly, in one exemplaryaspect, the present invention is directed to enhanced methods andapparatus for wireless femtocell setup and operation.

2. Description of Related Technology

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is an exemplaryimplementation of a “third-generation” or “3G” cellular telephonetechnology. The UMTS standard is specified by a collaborative bodyreferred to as the 3^(rd) Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The3GPP has adopted UMTS as a 3G cellular radio system targeted for interalia European markets, in response to requirements set forth by theInternational Telecommunications Union (ITU). The ITU standardizes andregulates international radio and telecommunications. Enhancements toUMTS will support future evolution to fourth generation (4G) technology.

A current topic of interest is the further development of UMTS towards amobile radio communication system optimized for packet data transmissionthrough improved system capacity and spectral efficiency. In the contextof 3GPP, the activities in this regard are summarized under the generalterm “LTE” (for Long Term Evolution). The aim is, among others, toincrease the maximum net transmission rate significantly in the future,namely to speeds on the order of 300 Mbps in the downlink transmissiondirection and 75 Mbps in the uplink transmission direction.

In the incipient version of the LTE specification (release 8), the 3GPPstandards body will formalize requirements for a network elementreferred to as the “Home enhanced-NodeB” (HeNB). The Home eNodeB (HeNB)will be deployed for LTE based Radio Access Technology (RAT) networks;the HeNB is an evolution of the Home NodeB (HNB), which is its UMTS RATpredecessor. Both HeNBs and HNBs are femtocells that are optimized foruse in residential, corporate, or similar environments (e.g., privatehomes, public restaurants, small offices, enterprises, hospitals, etc.,and hence the term “home” is not meant to be limiting to residentialapplications). In the present context, the terms “Home Base Station”,“Home NodeB” (for UMTS), “Rome eNodeB” (for LTE), and “femtocell” referto the same logical entity, and are used interchangeably unlessotherwise noted.

Femtocell Operation

Generally speaking, a femtocell is a base station designed specificallyfor areas of limited coverage, to service a small number of users (e.g.,small business and home environments). A femtocell augments the serviceprovider's existing network of base stations by connecting to theservice provider's network via a broadband interface (such as DSL, FIOS,T1, ISDN, or DOCSIS cable modem). Due to the smaller size and lower costof a femtocell, they can be utilized in areas which are otherwise notfeasibly serviced through standard base station deployments (e.g., byextension of indoor service coverage, or temporary service coverage).They also may be portable in nature, and accordingly be repositionedwhen desired with fairly minimal effort. Various aspects of femtocellsare described in greater detail subsequently herein.

The random nature of femtocell deployments creates some uniquechallenges for network operators. Prior to the deployment of femtocells,base station networks were planned and controlled entirely by thenetwork operator. Physical spectrum was easily controlled by a networkoperator with fixed base station allocations. In contrast to regularfixed base stations, femtocells are not planned, and in fact may widelyvary in usage. Multiple femtocells may be operated simultaneously in acrowded area (e.g., an apartment complex, etc.) or in relative isolation(e.g., on a farm, etc.). Furthermore, the number of terminal devicessupported by each femtocell is widely unpredictable, ranging from asingle user (e.g., personal use), to many users (e.g., a coffee house).Accordingly, improved methods and apparatus are needed to efficientlymanage spectrum allocation for random dispersions of femtocells.

Such improved methods and apparatus may also facilitate communaloperation of femtocells. For example, a first femtocell which isoperated in the immediate vicinity of other femtocells or macrocellsshould ideally identify usable spectrum, without substantiallyinterfering with other concurrently operating femtocells.

Lastly, the improved methods and apparatus should preferably use minimal(if any) dialogue between the femtocell and the Core Network. Efficientnetwork communication will greatly reduce the Core Network's processingburden for supporting widespread femtocell deployments.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention satisfies the foregoing needs by providing, interalia, methods and apparatus for femtocell operation and resourcemanagement within a wireless network.

In a first aspect of the invention, a method for selecting aconfiguration mode for a femtocell apparatus useful in a wirelessnetwork is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes:determining an occupational level of a plurality of radio resources; andif the occupational level of the plurality of radio resources includesat least one available radio resource, then entering aself-configuration mode. Otherwise, a network-based configuration modeis entered. The method is performed for example at startup orinitialization of the femtocell.

In one variant of the method, the self-configuration mode enables thefemtocell apparatus to find one or more available radio resourceswithout exchanging messages with a core portion of the wireless network.

In another variant, the network-based configuration mode enables thefemtocell apparatus to find one or more available radio resources byexchanging messages with the core portion of the network.

In yet another variant, the wireless network is a Long Term Evolution(LTE) cellular network, the femtocell apparatus is a HeNB, and thedetermination of an occupational level of a plurality of radio resourcesincludes determining an occupational level of time and frequencyresources associated with spectral access of the network.

In a second aspect of the invention, a method for reconfiguring atime-frequency grid in a wireless network comprising at least onefemtocell apparatus. In one embodiment, the method includes: determiningwhether a change in level of resources is needed for the at least onefemtocell apparatus; and instructing the at least one femtocellapparatus to utilize a resource for transmission of downlink signals inthe wireless network based at least in part on the determination.

In one variant of the method, the instruction includes a messageexchange between the at least one femtocell apparatus and a component ona core portion of the wireless network via a wired communications link.

In another variant, the instruction includes a message exchange betweenthe at least one femtocell apparatus and one or more base stationapparatus of the wireless network via a wireless communications link.For example, the wireless network may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE)cellular network, the femtocell apparatus a HeNB, the base stationapparatus an eNB macrocell, and the message exchange via a wireless linkincludes sending at least one message between the HeNB and the eNB via acellular air interface. Alternatively, the message exchange via awireless link includes sending at least one message between the HeNB andthe eNB via a WiMAX-compliant or other non-cellular air interface.

In another variant, determining whether a change in level of resourcesis needed for the at least one femtocell apparatus includes determiningwhether any resource conflicts exist between the femtocell apparatus andanother base station apparatus currently operating within the network.

In a third aspect of the invention, a femtocell capable of operatingwithin a wireless network is disclosed. In one embodiment, the femtocellincludes: a processing device coupled to a memory; a wireless subsystem;a network interface subsystem in communication with a core portion ofthe wireless network; and a plurality of executable instructionsresident within the memory. When executed by the processing device, theinstructions cause the femtocell to: detect an occupation level of theavailable wireless network; select an operating mode from aself-configuration mode and a network-assisted configuration mode,reconfigure the wireless subsystem based at least in part on theselected operating mode, the reconfiguring being performed duringfemtocell operation. The selection is based at least in part on thedetection of the occupation level, and the operating mode includes adefinition of a resource grid identifying at least: (i) a sharedresource for a first permanent downlink signal, (ii) a dedicatedresource for a second permanent downlink signal, and (iii) a sharedresource for a plurality of user data.

In a fourth aspect of the invention, resource allocation apparatus foruse within a wireless network is disclosed. In one embodiment, theapparatus includes: a processing device coupled to a memory; acommunications interface subsystem for communication with at least onefemtocell of the network; and a plurality of executable instructionsresident within the memory. When executed by the processing device, theinstructions cause the apparatus to: receive a request for resourceallocation from the at least one femtocell via the interface subsystem;access a stored data structure within the memory to determine whetherthe at least one requesting femtocell should be granted the requestedresource; and generate a communication back to the requesting at leastone femtocell indicating at least one of a grant or denial of therequest.

In one variant, the apparatus is substantially co-located with amacrocell base station.

In another variant, the stored data structure contains data relating toa mapping or grid of time-frequency resources within the network.

In yet another variant, the resources comprise both dedicated resourcesand shared resources.

In a further variant, the communications interface subsystem includes abroadband wireless interface, and/or a cellular wireless interface.

In a still further variant, the apparatus further includes a broadbandinterface in communication with a core portion of the wireless network.

In a fifth aspect of the invention, femtocell apparatus configured foruse in a cellular network is disclosed. In one embodiment, the femtocellapparatus includes logic configured to enable the femtocell apparatus toselectively implement either a substantially autonomous or network-basedconfiguration process, the selective implementation allowing a consumerto operate the femtocell device in proximity to at least one other basestation of the network without substantial interference therefrom andwithout particular knowledge thereof.

In another aspect of the invention, a computer readable apparatus isdisclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a storage mediumcontaining at least one computer program, the program having a pluralityof instructions which when executed implement femtocell (e.g., HeNB)configuration in support of cellular operation supporting one or moreUEs.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will immediatelybe recognized by persons of ordinary skill in the art with reference tothe attached drawings and detailed description of exemplary embodimentsas given below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graphical illustration showing one exemplary randomizeddeployment of LTE HeNBs.

FIG. 2 is prior art graphical “grid” representation of time-frequencyresources and their respective allocation to four HeNBs.

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of a first exemplary embodiment ofa time-frequency grid according to the invention, the grid divided intoshared resources allotted for the permanent downlink signaling of four(4) HeNBs, and flexible data usage areas.

FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of a second exemplary embodiment ofa time-frequency grid according to the invention, the grid divided intoshared resources allotted for the permanent downlink signaling of eight(8) HeNBs, and flexible data usage areas.

FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of a third exemplary embodiment ofa time-frequency grid according to the invention, the grid divided into:(i) shared resources allotted for the permanent downlink signaling offour (4) HeNBs, (ii) dedicated resources allotted for the permanentdownlink signaling of four (4) HeNBs, and (iii) flexible data usageareas.

FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of a fourth exemplary embodiment ofa time-frequency grid according to the invention, overlaid withexemplary time varying resource allocations for both permanent downlinksignaling and data usage.

FIG. 7 is a logical flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of thegeneralized process for requesting resources for radio operation inaccordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a logical flow diagram of one exemplary embodiment of a methodfor assigning resources to a HeNB operating in a LTE Radio AccessNetwork (RAN), in accordance with the principles of the presentinvention.

FIG. 9 is a graphical illustration of one embodiment of an LTE networkaccording to the invention comprising a Core Network, a plurality ofenhanced-NodeBs (eNBs), and a plurality of HeNBs, including exemplarydistributions of Resource Allocation Units (RAUs).

FIG. 10 is a logical flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of thegeneralized process for assigning resources to a femtocell according tothe invention.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a femtocell apparatusconfigured in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Reference is now made to the drawings, wherein like numerals refer tolike parts throughout

Overview

The present invention provides, inter alia, methods and apparatus thatenable a community of nodes of a wireless network (e.g., femtocells in aUMTS or LTE cellular network) to operate without interfering with oneanother, while also fully maximizing spectral resources and mitigatingnetwork overhead. In one aspect of the invention, a designated resource(e.g., time-frequency) “grid” or mapping is disclosed that governs thesimultaneous operation of several femtocells with overlapping coverageareas. The time-frequency grid is flexibly configured to provide bothdedicated resources and shared resources. Dedicated resources arerigidly assigned to one or more femtocells by a supervisory entity(e.g., a core network entity), whereas shared resources can be claimedand relinquished by any femtocell without substantial network overhead.

In another aspect of the invention, a multi-configuration mode femtocellis disclosed. In one embodiment, this femtocell may perform eitherself-configuration to identify available resources for its use, oralternately perform network-based configuration to request availableresources for its use. In one variant, the femtocell may selectivelyswitch between self-configuration and network-based configuration basedon one or more parameters, such as for instance the detected usage ofphysical resources.

In one embodiment, the aforementioned femtocell performs standaloneself-configuration when one or more physical resources are unused, andrequests Resource Allocation Unit (RAU) assisted self-configuration whenall physical resources are occupied.

In another embodiment, the femtocell receives configuration informationvia a wireless link, such as a cellular, microwave, satellite, orWLAN/WMAN connection.

In still another embodiment, the femtocell receives configurationinformation via a wireline or optical link, such as a DSL, FIOS, T1, orDOCSIS (cable modem) connection.

A resource allocation unit (RAU) entity is also disclosed for managingand modifying resource allocations for femtocells. In one embodiment,the RAU maintains a time-frequency grid that designates one or morechannel uses to one or more time-frequency resources.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are now described indetail. While these embodiments are primarily discussed in the contextof a Home enhanced-NodeB (HeNB) operating within a Long Term Evolution(LTE) network, it will be recognized by those of ordinary skill that thepresent invention is not so limited, and may be applied to other typesand configurations of networks. Moreover, while discussed primarily inthe context of communication between a HeNB and a dedicated ResourceAllocation Unit (RAU) resident to the network operator or nearbyenhanced-NodeB (eNB), it is recognized that other implementations ofmobile base station (e.g. femtocell, picocell, access point (AP), etc.)functionality or spectrum management functionality could be implementedat other points within the network in accordance with the invention.

In the following discussion, a cellular radio system includes a networkof radio cells each served by a transmitting station, known as a cellsite or base station. The radio network provides wireless communicationsservice for a plurality of transceivers (in most cases mobile). Thenetwork of base stations working in collaboration allows for wirelessservice which is greater than the radio coverage provided by a singleserving base station. The individual base stations are connected byanother network (in many cases a wired network), which includesadditional controllers for resource management and in some cases accessto other network systems (such as the Internet) or Metropolitan AreaNetworks (MANs).

In LTE, there are two distinct types of base stations: eNodeBs (eNBs),and Home eNodeBs (HeNBs). In the present context, the terms “Home BaseStation”, “Home NodeB” (for UMTS), “Home eNodeB” (for LTE) refergenerally to a “femtocell”, and the terms “NodeB” and “eNodeB” (for LTE)refer generally to a “macrocell”.

Femtocell Crowding

In one exemplary usage case, a user of a mobile phone or other UserEquipment (UE) might wish to augment their wireless coverage bydeploying a HeNB in their premises (e.g., apartment, small business,corporate enterprise, hospital, etc.). In one scenario, the user employsa DSL, T1, ISDN, DOCSIS, or other such connection to connect the HeNB tothe operator's Core Network. As previously described, HeNBs, and otherfemtocell type devices, benefit both the operator and the user. The userbenefits from the improved indoor network coverage, as well as increasedtraffic throughput capabilities. Furthermore, the user's UE will have alonger standby battery life, because power consumption can be reduceddue to the improved radio link quality (i.e., improved Signal to NoiseRatio (SNR)). The network operator obtains additional network coveragearea (see, e.g., 3GPP Technical Report TR 25.820, “3G Home Node B StudyItem Technical Report” v100 (Release 8), which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety), as well as changes to Technical Standard TS36.300 agreed in RAN3#61bis and RAN3#62—Chapter 4.6. 3GPP documentnumber: R3-083577, the contents of which are also incorporated herein byreference in their entirety. Finally, both the home user and the networkoperator can fully utilize cellular equipment technology improvements,independent of the larger network capabilities and requirements forinfrastructure upgrades.

Unfortunately, network management issues are greatly complicated withthe unpredictability of user controlled femtocell operation. Femtocellsmay be randomly scattered geographically. HeNBs are portable for“nomadic” use, e.g., a user may operate the HeNB one day in hisapartment, and the next day on a business trip in a hotel. Additionally,femtocells are not always operating. A HeNB may be unpredictably poweredon or off at the user's discretion (e.g., switched on and off from atnight, or when the user is not present). Lastly, femtocells vary widelyin population density. For example, several HeNBs may operateconcurrently in an apartment or hotel, whereas a home user may use asingle HeNB in isolation.

FIG. 1 illustrates one exemplary “randomized” HeNB deployment 100, andthe potential “crowding” problems that random distributions of HeNBs maycause. An apartment building has several HeNBs 102 located throughoutwith varying numbers of connected User Equipments (UEs) 104. Each HeNB102 has a potential coverage area which may interfere with other HeNB's.In this exemplary case, a first HeNB 102A is serving no users, and isthus requires very little spectrum to operate, whereas a second HeNB102B is serving multiple users, and may require significant amounts ofspectrum. Ideally, the second HeNB 102B should be allocated a largerportion of the total spectrum resources than the first HeNB 102A.

To these ends, incipient LTE network standards will support varyingbandwidths of 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, and 20 MHz toaccommodate a wide range of different use scenarios. Furthermore, LTEnetworks will be based on highly configurable multiple access methods;i.e., Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access/Time DivisionMultiple Access (OFDMA/TDMA) in the downlink direction and SingleCarrier Frequency Division Multiple Access/Time Division Multiple Access(SC-FDMA/TDMA) in the uplink direction.

In prior art UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) systems, a Home NodeB(HNB) transmits locally measured network parameters to the HNB-Gateway.The HNB-Gateway responsively sends a configuration message back to theHNB. The configuration information includes assignments e.g., to afrequency band. In UTRA systems, the operator decides which spectralresources each femtocells should use.

Unlike prior art UTRA systems, the configurability of LTE enablesmultiple neighboring cells to share the same frequency band. However,neither extant nor proposed improvements to LTE specificationspre-suppose any methods for spectrum allocation; consequently, thenetwork operator may freely manage its spectrum allocation however itchooses. For example, the network operator may choose to assign alleNodeBs (or HeNBs) the same frequency band, or alternately may assigneach eNodeB (or HeNB) a separate frequency band.

Spectrum management for any significant number of HeNBs 102 is costlyfrom the network operator's point of view for a number of reasons.First, unlike standard eNBs which provide service to many users overlarge areas, HeNBs 102 have very focused and localized areas ofeffectiveness for a relatively small number of users (even in a “dense”application such as an apartment building). In fact, allocating spectrumfor HeNBs should be done sparingly, as HeNBs are generally unused mostof the time. Secondly, unlike eNBs which are fixed structures withstatic environments, HeNBs may have constantly changing environments;thus, spectrum management for HeNBs is a constant and significantaddition to the network operator's overhead.

Automatic setup procedures for registration and initial configuration ofHeNBs are necessary due to, inter alia, the non-technical nature of HeNBconsumers. The automated setup procedure will require message exchangesbetween the HeNB and the corresponding entities in the Core Network.Each HeNB may frequently request arid return spectral resources (e.g.,during power on/off, for nomadic operation, etc.). The number ofdeployed HeNBs is expected to be large, and will continue to grow inpopularity over time. Consequently, even minor optimizations ofHeNB/Core Network communications will have profound efficiency impacts.

Time-Frequency “Grid”

FIG. 2 illustrates one exemplary prior art time-frequency grid 200 usedto allocate spectral resources to a number of HeNBs 102. The gridincludes a first number of subcarriers transmitted over a radio frame(10 ms). Each HeNB is allocated a dedicated portion of thetime-frequency grid. In the prior art system shown, each HeNB has asystem bandwidth of 1.4 MHz (72 subcarriers). The entire system's radioresources (e.g. 300 subcarriers) may also have a number of guard bandsor slots distributed throughout, to minimize interference. The HeNBsfurther divide their physical allocation into a permanent dedicateddownlink portion 202, and a dedicated user data portion 204. Thededicated permanent downlink portion is reserved for signals andchannels that are transmitted by a HeNB when no radio link to any UE isestablished e.g., Synchronization Channels (SCH), and Physical BroadcastChannels (PBCH). The dedicated user data portion is used for signals andchannels that are transmitted between a HeNB and one or more UEs 104.

Referring back to the exemplary FIG. 1, the prior art distribution ofspectral resources shown in FIG. 2 is inefficient for the randomizedHeNB deployment 100 of FIG. 1. The first HeNB 102A is not occupied, andwould be completely under-utilized, while still reserving a significantamount of available bandwidth for dedicated permanent downlink signaling202 and dedicated user data 204. Conversely, the second HeNB 102B isinundated with several users, and its spectral usage is at or abovereasonable capacity.

In view of the prior art deficiencies, improvements to radio resourceallocations may be enabled by subdividing the radio resources intological groups. In one exemplary embodiment, radio resources arecategorized into (i) permanent downlink signals, or (ii) transmission ofuser data. Furthermore, each radio resource may be shared or dedicated.The radio resources are handled differently based at least in part ontheir categorization.

In the following discussions it is appreciated that a time-frequencygrid is provided for the purposes of illustration. In OFDM basedsystems, the radio resources are divided in time (timeslots) andfrequency (subcarriers). In other systems, other types of radioresources may be used. For example, in a CDMA based system, the radioresources are divided in time and code space; accordingly, a time-codegrid could be defined. Accordingly, as used herein, the terms“resources”, “radio resources” and “physical resources” refers to anyunit of transmission media recognized throughout the wireless arts,including time slots, frequency bands, codes, subcarriers, etc.

In one exemplary aspect of the present invention, several HeNBs 102 maybe operated simultaneously in the same frequency range, with minimalconfiguration from the Core Network. The resource (e.g., time-frequency)grids of the exemplary embodiments of the invention are not fixed inallocation, but instead may be flexibly adapted based on HeNB and UE 104requirements. The following four (4) examples of time-frequency gridsshown in FIGS. 3-6 illustrate various advantageous aspects of flexibleoperation.

In contrast to FIG. 2, FIG. 3 illustrates a first exemplary embodimentof a time-frequency grid 300 according to the invention which flexiblyallocates spectral resources to four (4) HeNBs 102 with overlappingcoverage areas. The time-frequency grid 300 is separated into at leasttwo (2) areas: one area with shared resources for permanent downlinksignals 302, and one or more flexibly configured areas 304 (e.g.,dedicated or shared, uplink or downlink, user specific or broadcasted,restrictions, etc.).

FIG. 4 illustrates a second exemplary time-frequency grid 400 whichflexibly allocates spectral resources to eight (8) HeNBs 102 withoverlapping coverage areas, in accordance with at least one aspect ofthe present invention. Similar to the first time-frequency grid 300 ofFIG. 3, the second time-frequency grid 400 is separated into at leasttwo (2) areas: one area with shared resources for permanent downlinksignals 302, and one or more flexibly configured areas 304 (e.g.,dedicated or shared, uplink or downlink, user specific or broadcasted,restrictions, etc.). However, the second time-frequency grid 400 hasallocated resources for permanent downlink signaling 302 preferentiallyover flexible configuration areas 304, and may accordingly support twicethe number of HeNBs.

FIG. 5 illustrates a third exemplary time-frequency grid 500 whichflexibly allocates spectral resources to eight (8) HeNBs 102 withoverlapping coverage areas, in accordance with the present invention.Unlike the first and second time-frequency grids (300, 400) describedabove, the third time-frequency grid 500 is separated into at leastthree (3) areas: (i) one or more areas with shared resources forpermanent downlink signals 302, (ii) one or more areas with dedicatedresources for permanent downlink signals 502, and (iii) one or moreflexibly configured areas 304 (e.g., dedicated or shared, uplink ordownlink, user specific or broadcasted, restrictions, etc.). The thirdtime-frequency grid 500 has allocated preferential dedicated resources504 to a subset of the HeNBs providing a higher level of service (aswill be explained subsequently herein), compared to the typical sharedresources 302.

The following discussions are intended to illustrate, rather than limit,the various possible types of resources, used throughout.

In one embodiment of the invention, a shared resource can be requestedand granted to one or more HeNBs 102 without interaction from the CoreNetwork. Shared resources shift the burden of resource allocation fromthe operator's Core Network to one or more localized entities e.g., eNBsand or HeNBs. In contrast to shared resources, a dedicated resource canbe used by a HeNB only when the HeNB is explicitly assigned to theresource by an RAU or other entity. Dedicated resources are not sharedwith other HeNBs, and there is no arbitration or negotiation requiredfor operation. Accordingly, any HeNB that is instructed to use adedicated resource can be operated with a guaranteed level of service.In some cases, such minimum guaranteed level of service may be usefulfor prioritizing HeNBs, such as for use with certain business methods orparadigms, and/or operation with various governmental agencies. In oneexemplary embodiment, HeNBs may be allocated shared or dedicated radioresources for permanent downlink signaling.

In one related variant, several areas of the time-frequency grid areadditionally allocated for shared user data. For example, several HeNBsmay allocate a shared subset of resources, for transmitting user data.In one exemplary case, several HeNBs may share a subset of resources fortransmission of user data to UEs, or for reception of user data fromUEs. Such shared user radio resources minimize inefficiencies caused bythe reservation of radio resource during idle or low usage periods.

Various other restrictions may be imposed on resources. For example, anuplink or downlink restriction would limit a resource to unidirectionaloperation, either UE 104 to HeNB 102 (i.e., uplink), or HeNB to UE(i.e., downlink). In another example, resources may be restricted tounicast (i.e., single user), multicast (i.e., multiple users), orbroadcast operation (i.e., any user) operation.

Other restrictions may be imposed to guarantee certain levels of serviceor QoS. For example, resources may have various levels of latency (e.g.,transmission delay), or throughput (e.g., average rate of delivery). Inother examples, resources may include a minimum guaranteed data rate, ora maximum data rate allowed. Such restrictions may be particularlyuseful in combination with a RAU, whereby the RAU may dynamically alterthe time-frequency grid allocations to “fine tune” various networkoptimizations.

Furthermore, each of the foregoing restrictions may be used incombination with one another. For example, a resource could berestricted to a shared downlink broadcast resource having a maximum datarate (as may be useful in e.g., advertisements or other lower-bandwidthtraffic). In another example, a dedicated unicast resource may require aguaranteed minimum data rate (as may be particularly useful forsupporting emergency or 911 calls).

FIG. 6 illustrates the dynamic resource allocation capabilities of oneexemplary time-frequency grid 600 having one or more flexible datausages. The first HeNB 102 is not occupied, and does not occupy anydedicated resources for downlink permanent signaling 502; however itstill maintains a shared resource for the transmission of its permanentdownlink channels (SCH, and PBCH) 302. The relatively low usage of thefirst HeNB can be accommodated with shared time-frequency resources. Thesecond HeNB is servicing multiple UEs 104, and has reserved significantportions of spectral resources (both shared and dedicated). The thirdand fourth HeNBs have divided a portion of the remaining bandwidth inboth time and frequency as shown, each maintaining a dedicated channelfor permanent downlink signaling 502, but dynamically negotiating ashared resource for data needs 304. Lastly, a section of the remainingbandwidth is unused. The unused bandwidth may be necessary, inter alia,to guard against neighboring device interference, to reserve some amountof excess capability to smooth between periods of transition, etc. Thus,the dynamic resource allocation capabilities of the time-frequency grid600 of FIG. 6 advantageously enables efficient utilization of preciousspectral resources for femtocells.

In the following discussions, complementary methods and apparatus aredescribed for a network entity (e.g., LTE Resource Allocation Unit(RAU)) which: (i) negotiates, configures, and manages a resource grid(e.g., allocations for flexibly managed user data, and shared permanentdownlink signals, etc.). The following elements and steps are describedin the context of distributing and managing time-frequency resources ofa time-frequency grid for use with an OFDMA/TDMA radio accesstechnology, although it will be appreciated that the present inventionis in no way limited to these spectral access techniques.

Methods

Referring now to FIG. 7, a generalized setup procedure 700 forallocating radio resources for one or more radio devices (e.g.,femtocells) is illustrated.

At the first optional step 702, a device (femtocell) is first poweredon, and internal settings within the femtocell are initialized. Theinitialization of internal settings may generally include booting thesoftware, as well as any resetting of hardware settings within thefemtocell itself. During initialization, the femtocell also establishesa network connection with the Core Network entity for initialauthentication, authorization and accounting. This may comprisenegotiating and establishing a connection over the access medium ofchoice; e.g., DSL over copper wire, FIOS, cable modem, etc. Uponestablishing the network connection, the femtocell notifies the CoreNetwork entity of its presence, and optionally its operational status.In order to perform this step, one embodiment of the femtocell retrievesfrom a computer-readable media (e.g., HDD, ROM or flash memory) theaddress and protocol for connecting to the Core Network entity. In onevariant, this includes use of a TCP/IP transport over the aforementionedaccess medium, although other transports and protocols may be used withequal success (e.g., over a WiMAX link).

In one exemplary embodiment, when a femtocell powers on, a securityprocedure is automatically executed for the femtocell to securelyconnect to the Core Network. Some minimal requirements are imposed,comprising Internet Protocol ('P) security, authentication, andauthorization. IP security must be established for bearer traffic to becarried over an untrusted or public network such as the Internet.Authentication and registration with the Core Network ensure that thefemtocell is a valid device, and not “spoofing” or otherwise attemptingto trick the Core as to its identity. The femtocell must be authorizedto provide service through the service provider. It will be appreciatedthat other security measures known to those of ordinary skill in the artmay be employed as well including e.g., encryption of all or a portionof the data being transmitted so as to protect data confidentiality, andcryptographic residue (hash) generation to provide integrity protection.

It is appreciated that in other embodiments, the initialization step 702may be entirely unnecessary. For example, in some cases, the femtocellmay already be initialized (e.g. such as during a periodic scan, auser-initiated refresh scan, etc.). Thus, in one alternate embodiment, afemtocell may have an existing connection to the Core Network whichperiodically provides updated network parameters. In one variant, theexisting connection is a secure connection to the Core Network via an IPnetwork.

At step 704, the femtocell determines its configuration mode. In oneembodiment, the femtocell selects from a plurality of configurationmodes. The selection of configuration mode (from the plurality ofconfiguration modes) may be controlled from either the (remote) networkentity, or alternatively may be determined internally by the femtocellitself. In other embodiments, a combination of entities could be used toinitialize the configuration modes (e.g., receiving locationidentification from the network entity as well as looking upconfiguration modes from an internal memory local to the femtocell). Inyet other embodiments, the femtocell may dynamically change its mode(e.g., a first femtocell may start in a first configuration mode as astandalone entity, and later discover a second femtocell withcooperative capabilities; the first femtocell may then switch to acooperative configuration mode).

In one exemplary implementation of step 704 (discussed in greater detailwith respect to FIG. 8 subsequently herein), the plurality ofconfiguration modes includes at least two distinct modes of selection. Afirst “self configuration” mode enables a femtocell to find usableresources autonomously, and may reduce or obviate the need to exchangemessages with the Core Network. A second “network configuration” modeenables one or more network entities to re-configure the time-frequencyor other resource grid to assign resources to the femtocell. In someembodiments, such network configuration is additionally performed at anetwork entity, the latter which may operate semi-autonomously to theCore Network (e.g. a nearby macrocell with resource allocationcapabilities). This semi-autonomous approach advantageously providesdesirable aspects of both of the other approaches; i.e., relieving theCore Network of undue overhead burden, abut with at least some degree ofcooperation or consideration of resource allocations to other deviceswithin the network.

According to its selected configuration mode, the femtocell identifiesone or more resources which are suitable for desired signaling (step706). Lastly, at step 708, the femtocell is assigned control or assumescontrol of the physical resource.

Exemplary LTE Home eNodeB (HeNB) Methods

FIG. 8 illustrates one exemplary configuration mode selection andresource identification process 800 for permanent downlink signaling ofa HeNB e.g., SCH and PBCH for LTE network operation. In this exemplaryembodiment, the HeNB may select its configuration mode generally fromtwo categories: (i) self-configuration modes, or (ii) network-basedconfiguration modes. The self-configuration modes in the illustratedembodiment comprise a first “standalone self-configuration” mode, and asecond “RAU assisted self-configuration” mode. The network-basedconfiguration modes comprise in this embodiment two additional modes;i.e., a third “wireless network-based configuration” mode, and a fourth“wire-line network-based configuration” mode. These modes are summarizedin Table 1 below. It will be recognized, however, that more or lessmodes (and sub-types) may be used consistent with the invention, theforegoing merely illustrative.

TABLE 1 Mode Type Sub-Type 1 Sub-Type 2 Self-configuration StandaloneRAU-assisted Network-Based Wireless Wireline Configuration

Furthermore, while the foregoing set of configuration modes areidentified by certain characteristics associated with each mode, it isreadily appreciated that any of the procedural characteristics could beintermixed, augmented, or obviated in other implementations, ortechnologies.

In one exemplary LTE network, a HeNB obtains one or more preconfiguredparameters for radio setup. These basic parameters may have been storedin the HeNB, obtained through signaling from neighboring eNBs or HeNBs(e.g., in the system information or SI), obtained from a third partyentity, or directly messaged from the Core Network to HeNB (e.g. viaDSL, DOCSIS, etc.). This information may include for example thefrequency range to be used by the HeNB, and the current time-frequencypositions of the permanent downlink signals of neighboring HeNBsoccupying shared resources. Dedicated resources for any HeNB are in oneembodiment always restricted as to other HeNBs or entities, although theterm “dedicated” here can include conditional dedication if desired(e.g., dedicated except as to a particular condition or set ofconditions).

In the exemplary embodiment of the method 800 of FIG. 8, at step 802,the HeNB either selects self-configuration, or network-basedconfiguration based at least in part on the preconfigured parameters. Inself-configuration mode, the HeNB will attempt to identify one or moresufficient resources autonomously, but may occasionally or incidentallyrequest assistance from network entities.

In network-based configuration mode, the HeNB directly interfaces withone or more network entities to request and configure a resourceallocation (e.g., time-frequency grid) to support the HeNB.Network-based configuration may be performed via either a wiredinterface (such as a DSL, T1, etc. connection to the Core Network), or awireless interface (such as for example being broadcast over cellularfrequency spectrum as part of the system information from surroundingeNodeBs).

In one variant, selection of configuration modes is based on theoccupation level of the available resources. For example, if at leastone resource of which the HeNB is aware is available, the HeNB will useself-configuration mode, whereas if all resources are occupied, the HeNBwill use network-based configuration mode. Other schemes may be appliedas well, such as those based on a predetermined hierarchy (e.g., try X,and if X not available try Y, etc.), or examination of one or moreoperational parameters before making a decision on which mode to select.Such selection logic can be implemented using a computer program,hard-coded into the HeNB apparatus, or combinations thereof as will berecognized by those of ordinary skill.

If the HeNB is pre-configured for self-configuration, then at step 804,the HeNB determines the occupation level of physical resources. The HeNBmay scan only a subset of all resources (e.g., only the resources usedby a preferred network operator, portion of a network, portion of theresource “space” such as a fraction of a frequency spectrum, a certainfrequency range at a certain time instance with a certain spreadingcode, etc.), or may perform a full scan of all resources which may beused for HeNB operation. Such scans can also be randomized acrossdifferent HeNBs so as to prevent multiple HeNBs from instituting thesame logic at startup simultaneously.

If sufficient available resources are available, then the HeNB may enterstandalone self-configuration. If the HeNB identifies insufficientavailable resources, then the HeNB will proceed with RAU assisted selfconfiguration.

In one specific embodiment, the HeNB performs a scan for neighboringsynchronization signals over the configured frequency range. If the HeNBdetects that at least one shared resource is available, then the HeNBselects an open shared time-frequency resource for transmission ofpermanent downlink signals (e.g. SCH). If however, the HeNB cannotdetect any available shared resources suitable for its permanentdownlink signaling, then the HeNB uses a RAU assisted self configurationmode to identify dedicated resources, and or free additional sharedresources suitable for its permanent downlink signaling.

Alternatively, if the HeNB selects network configuration, the HeNB mayselect or be preconfigured for wireless, or wire-line configuration Inone wireless embodiment, neighboring eNBs (macrocells) broadcastconfiguration information; the new HeNB (femtocell) receives thebroadcasted information and adjusts its behavior accordingly. In onevariant, the HeNB may actively negotiate with one or more eNBs toidentify appropriate configuration information. In yet another variant,the HeNB may actively negotiate with one or more HeNBs to identifyappropriate configuration information. For example, several femtocellsoperated in the same area (e.g. a college campus, condominium complex,etc.) may retain a “master femtocell” which assigns resources to “slavefemtocells”. All slave femtocells would require a specialized connectionto the “master femtocell” e.g., a separate wired or wireless interface.

In one wire-line embodiment, the HeNB requests information from a RAU.The RAU is accessed through the previously established networkconnection. In one variant, the HeNB connects to an RAU via thepreviously established central Core Network connection. In another suchvariant, the HeNB identifies a localized RAU based on a messageencapsulated within a system broadcast; for example, a RAU hosted by anearby eNB broadcasts a secure address for access.

Each of the foregoing modes is now described in further detail.

Firstly, referring to the various self configuration modes, a HeNB willuse the standalone self configuration if sufficient available resourcesare detected at step 804. At step 810, the HeNB selects one or more ofthe identified unoccupied shared physical resources for its permanentdownlink signals. The standalone self configuration mode does notactively negotiate or exchange any messages with any RAU.

In one variant, a HeNB which initializes itself in standalone selfconfiguration may frequently re-evaluate its environment andrequirements. For example, upon the arrival of a new HeNB to itscoverage area, the first HeNB may reassess its configuration mode,including potentially transitioning to networked configurations, tomaximize resource utilization.

In some embodiments, a HeNB which is operating in complete isolation mayadditionally execute a localized RAU. In such embodiments, the HeNB willassume control over all physical resources, and provision access toHeNBs which are powered on in its coverage area in the future.

If the HeNB attempts self configuration but cannot identify sufficientresources for shared operation at step 804, then the HeNB initiatescommunications with a RAU. The RAU is accessed through the previouslyestablished network connection (e.g., an authenticated DSL connection).

At step 812, the HeNB identifies its neighboring cells. In oneembodiment, the HeNB executes a scan for cell IDs. In an LTE system, theBroadcast Control Channel (BCCH) is broadcast constantly from both HeNBsand eNBs. The BCCH is a unidirectional channel which carries informationnecessary for identifying and initiating a communication channel to thecell. The BCCH transmit power is constant, but environmental factors mayaffect signal reception (RF interference, geography, weather-induced orRayleigh fading, etc.). Therefore, received signal strength (e.g., RSSI)of the BCCH can be used as a rough estimation of proximity. Parametersthat are transmitted on the BCCH may include a listing of frequencies,cell ID, power control and discontinuous transmission (DTX) information.Also, the Public Land Mobile Network identification (PLMN ID) to whichthat cell belongs is encapsulated in the system information transmittedon the BCCH. The PLMN ID is a concatenation of the Mobile Country Code(MCC) with the Mobile Network Code (MNC) and Location Area Identity(LAI), although it will be recognized that these protocols are merelyexemplary in nature, and others may be used in conjunction with or inplace of the foregoing, consistent with the invention.

At step 814, the HeNB transmits a request for radio resources) to theRAU. The RAU may be located in the Core Network, or alternatively may belocated at a nearby eNB or other location. Accordingly, in oneembodiment, the request is transmitted via the previously establishednetwork connection to the RAU. In one variant, the request istransmitted to the Core Network, and forwarded to a RAU entity.Alternately, the request may be transmitted to the Core Network,prompting a response containing an address for one or more RAUs (whichthe HeNB may directly connect to). In another such variant, the HeNBscans a nearby eNB, and determines an appropriate address by decodingone or more system information elements.

The resource request message includes a listing of cell IDs ofneighboring cells (e.g., eNBs, and or HeNBs), identified in step 812. Inanother embodiment, to maintain compatibility with other systems, theresource request message may be separated into two or more separatemessages; e.g., one for a resource request, and another messagedetailing the list of cell IDs detected.

In one embodiment, responsive to the resource request, the RAU maytransmit resource allocation information directly to the HeNB. The HeNBcan than proceed to select one or more of the identified physicalresources for its permanent downlink signals (step 816). The identifiedresource allocation information may be either a dedicated resource, or anew shared resource. In some cases, the RAU may require negotiation withother entities to reclaim one or more resources (e.g., negotiations withone or more HeNBs to reassess and reclaim appropriate resources). Forexample, in one alternative embodiment, responsive to the resourcerequest, the RAU may transmit resource allocation information directlyto the HeNB, and neighboring HeNBs (step 818). The community of HeNBsthen performs a reconfiguration (step 820).

Referring now to the network configuration modes (right side of FIG. 8),if the HeNB selects wireless network configuration, then at step 822,the HeNB identifies its neighboring cells. In one embodiment, the HeNBexecutes a scan for neighboring eNBs. Once the HeNB has identified itsneighboring cells, the HeNB can determine resource allocationinformation by decoding system information (SI) broadcasted on thecontrol channel (BCCH), or obtained from another source.

The HeNB first identifies resource assignments from each neighboringeNodeB. The HeNB compares the operational resource allocations from eachof the eNodeBs, and determines (based on the constraints from each ofthe eNodeBs) if an overlapping domain is available (step 824). Forexample, one possible “conflict” may occur when a first eNB having afirst time-frequency grid does not have any overlapping shared resourceareas with a second eNB's second time-frequency grid. Such a situationmay arise for example, when two neighboring cells have cellular coveragewithin range of the new HeNB, but do not overlap coverage with oneanother (i.e., are not aware of any conflict).

If the combined wireless resource allocation has contradicting resourceinformation, then the HeNB may either (i) request a reconfiguration ofthe identified neighboring cells by providing conflict information toeach eNB (step 826), or (ii) the HeNB may select one eNB which isresponsible for resource allocation.

At step 826, in response to the request for reconfiguration, one or moreRAUs reassign resources for at least a subset of the identifiedneighboring cells. The first and second eNBs may opt to coordinate(e.g., the second eNB assumes the first time-frequency grid, orvice-versa), or compromise on their respective allocations (e.g., thefirst and second eNB assume a new third time-frequency grid). Suchmediation may be performed by an RAU located at either the Core Network,or in some cases, an RAU located in one of the affected eNBs.Accordingly, at step 828, the community of cells reconfigures theirresource allocations, and the community resumes normal operation.

Alternately (not shown), the HeNB may select one eNB which isresponsible for resource allocation. The selection may be based on avariety of criteria; e.g., the strongest reception level, greatestdegree of networking or connectivity, etc. The HeNB only uses theresource assignments from the selected eNB.

If the resource information broadcasted by neighboring cells is notcontradictory, then the HeNB configures itself according to thebroadcasted resource information (step 830).

Alternatively, if the HeNB selects wire-line network configuration, thenat step 832, the HeNB initiates communications with a RAU via thepreviously established network connection. The RAU may be located in theCore Network, or alternatively, may be located at a nearby eNB.Accordingly, in one embodiment, the request is transmitted via thepreviously established network connection to the RAU. In one variant,the request is transmitted to the Core Network, and forwarded to a RAUentity. Alternately, the request may be transmitted to the Core Network,prompting a response containing an address for one or more RAUs (whichthe HeNB may directly connect to). In another such variant, the HeNBscans a nearby eNB, and determines an appropriate address by decodingone or more system information elements.

The HeNB then transmits a request for radio resource to the RAU.Responsive to the resource request, the RAU may transmit resourceallocation information directly to the HeNB. The HeNB can than proceedto select one or more of the identified physical resources for itspermanent downlink signals. The identified resource allocationinformation may be either a dedicated resource, or a new sharedresource.

Exemplary LTE Resource Allocation Unit (RAU) Methods

Referring now to FIG. 9, an exemplary LTE network 900 is illustratedhaving multiple RAUs for providing resource allocation services andminimizing Core Network overhead, according to the principles of theinvention. The RAU system of FIG. 9 includes a first central decisionmaking RAU 902 resident at the Core Network that is directly controlledby the network operator (or its proxy). The exemplary system alsoincludes many secondary or distributed “decision-making” RAUs 904resident within eNBs 106 of the LTE RAN. It will be appreciated,however, that while a master/slave type RAU architecture is shown inFIG. 9, this approach is not a requirement of the invention; i.e., apeer-to-peer (P2P) or other arrangement may be used if desired.

The distributed RAUs 904 are shown implemented within eNBs 106. Thesedistributed RAUs can locally control resource assignments to HeNBs 102,thereby substantially or even completely eliminating HeNB/Core Radioresource messaging exchanges. Each distributed RAU manages its resourcesindependently. Consequently, if a HeNBs receives broadcast informationfrom two or more eNBs, the HeNB may identify conflicting resourceassignments. For example, a first eNB 106A may allocate onetime-frequency resource as a dedicated resource, whereas a second eNB106B may have assigned the same time-frequency resource for sharedoperation. The first and second eNB may be isolated from one another,without conflict during normal operation. However, any new HeNBoperating in an overlapping coverage area of the first and second eNBwill not be able to use the conflicted resource without interfering witheither the first or second eNB.

Accordingly, distributed RAN's 106 may negotiate with one another toresolve contradictory time-frequency resource assignments. In oneembodiment, distributed RAUs may directly access one another, eitherthrough Core Network infrastructure, or alternately, via LTE RANdedicated communication links 906. Furthermore, it is appreciated thatin certain scenarios, changes localized to a pair or group of eNBs toserve new HeNBs 102 may have multiple “rippling” effects throughout thenetwork. Accordingly in some cases, the HeNB may be required to operatewith limited capacity, or in some severe cases, to not operate at all,so as to avoid significant broader network operational disabilities.Alternatively, a centralized RAU 902 may be used where required toresolve resource allocations which are overly complex or beyond thecapability of a HeNB or eNB.

In one embodiment, the central RAU 902 controls access rights for alarge number of HeNBs 102, e.g., all HeNBs for a network operator withina city, zone, or country. In one such embodiment, the centralized RAUhas overriding authority to resolve any contradictory resourceallocations. Furthermore, in some cases a central RAU may be required toservice HeNBs which are not serviceable by standard methods, such aswhere they are not within the coverage of eNBs.

Referring now to FIG. 10, one embodiment of a generalized method ofoperation 1000 of the RAU architecture previously described (for bothcentralized and localized embodiments) is now discussed in greaterdetail. While the following discussion is generally applicable to eithercentralized or localized implementations of RAU operation, it isappreciated that various implementations of RAU operation will differsignificantly based on: the number of HeNBs handled, the number of radioresources, spectrum restrictions, etc. For example, a localized RAU willtypically manage a small number of HeNBs, within a limited amount ofspectrum. In contrast, a centralized RAU may handle hundreds, orthousands of HeNBs, across multiple ranges of spectrum, in both licensedand unlicensed spectrum, etc.

At step 1002, the RAU has received the request for a radio resource. TheRAU decodes the listing of occupied resources as detected by the HeNB102. In the exemplary LTE system, this listing includes a listing ofCell IDs. The listing of decoded Cell IDs is separated into Cell IDs ofeNBs 106 and Cell IDs of HeNBs. The Cell IDs of macrocells are assumedto be a permanent fixture of the requesting HeNB's environment, and willnot change. The Cell IDs of neighboring HeNBs are assumed to betemporary fixtures of the HeNB's environment, and may changenomadically, erratically, periodically, or not at all.

In some embodiments, a RAU may opt to redirect a radio resource requestto another RAU. For example, a HeNB 102 which is unaware of a nearby RAU904 located at an eNB 106 may request a resource from a Core Network RAU902. The Core Network RAU may analyze the listing of Cell IDs providedby the HeNB, and determine that the HeNB would be better served by thenearby RAU situated at an eNB.

At step 1004, the RAU identifies the available resources based on theindicated Cell IDs. In one exemplary implementation, the availableresources may be stored and recalled in a time-frequency grid or otherformat. The RAU may also be configured to identify contradictionsbetween multiple time-frequency grids, such as may occur when arequesting HeNB 102 is in an area of overlap between two otherwiseisolated eNBs 106 or HeNBs.

At step 1006, the RAU evaluates the radio resources for configuration orreconfiguration. Several criteria for radio resource selection may beused by the network operator. Such criteria may include for examplemaximizing data rates, minimizing data rates, bandwidth consumption,supporting varying levels of quality of service (QoS) for various HeNBs102, maintaining certain security requirements, maximizing revenue orprofit, etc. Additionally such criteria may be dependant from thecontract between the HeNB operator/owner and the operator of thecellular network. For example, a HeNB with a low-budget tariff (e.g.,residential) obtains a smaller bandwidth compared to a HeNB with abusiness tariff for, e.g., an office building. For instance, a limiteddata pipe shared between eNBs 106 and HeNBs in a region may bepreferentially served to eNBs, therefore HeNBs may be assigned resourcesto support high data rates only during periods of low network usage.

In another example, the RAU may determine that a particular eNB may havetoo many HeNBs in its vicinity, and the RAU may opt to deny service toadditional HeNBs which request a frequency in that eNB's generalvicinity.

At step 1008 of the method 1000, the RAU generates a response to theHeNB 102. This response may be either a grant of resources, or a denialof resources. In a grant of resources, the HeNB identifies configurationparameters, thus enabling HeNB operation. In a denial of service the RAUmay simply return a denial, or in another embodiment, the denial messagemay include a hold-off time, such that the HeNB may request access at ascheduled later time. The hold-off time otherwise may be determinedwithin logic of the HeNB according to any number of different possibleschemes (e.g., retry again in one minute, and then every one minutethereafter until a grant is received, or “n” retries have been completedwithout success).

In one embodiment of the invention, the aforementioned configurationparameters describe a resource (e.g., time-frequency) grid whichflexibly allocates spectral resources to a number of HeNBs 102 withoverlapping coverage areas. The time-frequency grid is separated into atleast two (2) areas: one area with resources for dedicated resources302, and one or more flexibly configured areas 304 (e.g., dedicated orshared, uplink or downlink, user specific or broadcasted, restrictions,etc.).

In another variant, the configuration parameters may include HeNBspecific information, such as an assignation of shared or dedicatedresources for the transmission of permanent downlink signals, orrestrictions to areas of shared resources. For example, to maintain aminimum level of service, each HeNB may be guaranteed a limited amountof usage of the dedicated resources 502.

In yet another example, in some cases dedicated resources may beasymmetrically assigned to preferentially serve one HeNB over another,such as may be useful for achieving business goals or revenue/profitoptimization.

In some cases, multiple options may be provided for HeNB-specificinformation. For example, an RAU may specify multiple possible shared ordedicated resources for transmission of user data. Such multiple optionsmay be useful in situations where the RAU may have multiple possibleresources available for use, and where the HeNB may preferentially pickone resource over another so as to, inter alia, compensate for poorlocalized RF conditions, reduce power consumption, account for equipmentoutages or maintenance, etc.

In some cases, multiple options may be provided for “communal” HeNB 102information. For example, an RAU may specify multiple restrictions fordifferent ones of shared resources. Accordingly, the HeNB may provisionservice to varying levels of shared resources (e.g., guaranteed minimumor maximum data rates, voice only, data only, public access only, etc.),based on specific HeNB capabilities.

At step 1010, the RAU updates its internal table or other data structurewith the new HeNB Cell ID, and its configuration information. In somecases, the RAU may also update other affected cells. For a HeNB 102which was denied service, the RAU may opt not to record its entry. TheRAU may also record the denied HeNB along with a time stamp, or numberindicating number of denials (for use in algorithms ensuring fair HeNBservice or identifying hardware or software malfunctions or “bugs”). TheRAU may also record the denied HeNB and any neighboring HeNB cell IDs,such that when a neighboring HeNB is powered down, the denied HeNB maybe offered service.

Femtocell Apparatus

Referring now to FIG. 11, exemplary femtocell apparatus 1100 useful inimplementing the functionality previously described above is illustratedand described. The femtocell apparatus 1100 of the illustratedembodiment generally takes the form factor of a stand-alone device foruse in premises, although other form-factors (e.g., server “blades” orcards, dongles, roof-mounted units, etc.) are envisaged as well. Theapparatus of FIG. 11 includes one or more substrate(s) 1102 that furtherinclude a plurality of integrated circuits including a processingsubsystem 1104 such as a digital signal processor (DSP), microprocessor,gate array, or plurality of processing components as well as a powermanagement subsystem 1106 that provides power to the femtocell 800.

The processing subsystem 1104 includes in one embodiment an internalcache memory, or a plurality of processors (or a multi-core processor).The processing subsystem 1104 is preferably connected to a non-volatilememory 1108 such as a hard disk drive (HDD), as well as a memorysubsystem which may comprise SWAM, Flash, SDRAM, etc. The memorysubsystem may implement one or a more of DMA type hardware, so as tofacilitate rapid data access.

The exemplary apparatus 1100 will, in some embodiments, implement someform of broadband access. In the illustrated embodiment the broadbandaccess is provided by a DSL connection (i.e., via DSL subsystem 1110),although other interfaces may be used in place of or in combination withthe DSL subsystem 1110 shown. The digital portion of DSL processing mayeither be performed in the processor 1104, or alternatively in aseparate DSL processor (not shown). Further, while a DSL broadbandconnection is illustrated, it is recognized by one of ordinary skillthat other broadband access schemes such as DOCSIS cable modem, T1 line,WiMAX (i.e., IEEE Std. 802.16); ISDN, FIOS, microwave link, satellitelink, etc. could be readily substituted or even used in tandem with theaforementioned DSL interface. DSL has the advantage of being low costand generally ubiquitous, and carried over copper-based telephonyinfrastructure which is currently widely distributed throughout thepopulation.

In one exemplary embodiment, the femtocell apparatus 1100 includes twoRF modem subsystems. The first wireless subsystem 1112 enables thefemtocell to search neighboring cell RF transmissions (e.g., macrocell,or femtocell). The second modem subsystem 1114 enables the femtocell toprovide service to subscriber UE. It is readily appreciated that in someembodiments of the invention, two subsystems are not required. Forexample, a femtocell apparatus which only performs standaloneself-configuration, or wire-line network-based configuration, would notrequire the first wireless subsystem 1112. Furthermore, it isappreciated that in some embodiments, a femtocell may provide multipleRF modem subsystems to provide, inter alia, multi-mode operation (e.g.GSM, GPRS, UMTS, and LTE) over multiple distinct air interfaces.

The first modem subsystem 1112 includes a digital modem, RF frontend,and one or more antennas. It is recognized that in some embodiments thatit may be desirable to obviate some of the components presentlyillustrated (such as RF frontend), or alternatively, the discretecomponents illustrated may be merged with one another to form a singlecomponent. In one exemplary embodiment, the first wireless subsystem1112 operates as a standard LTE UE modem. In other alternateembodiments, the first wireless subsystem 1112 uses a secondary wirelessinterface dedicated for radio access network coordination. For example,the first wireless subsystem may interface with a UMTS macrocell (i.e.non-LTE based) for HeNB configuration.

The second modem subsystem 1114 includes a digital modem, RF frontend,and one or more antennas. It is recognized that in some embodiments, itmay be desirable to obviate some of the components presently illustrated(such as RF frontend), or alternatively, the discrete componentsillustrated may be merged with one another to form a single component.While a single RF frontend is illustrated between the exemplaryfemtocell apparatus 1100 and a UE 104, it is appreciated that multipleRF front ends may exist to support multiple simultaneous UEs and airinterfaces, or alternatively implement MIMO aspects of operation

In one exemplary implementation, the femtocell apparatus 100 disclosedabove further includes apparatus for scanning for Cell IDs broadcastedin occupied radio resources. Accordingly, the apparatus responsible forscanning radio resources must receive the radio frequency signal and atleast partially demodulate neighboring cell messages (e.g., those senton the broadcast control channel (BCCH)). The femtocell may beconfigured to fully demodulate the downlink power signal from thecellular network. Alternatively, for a wireless system which does notrequire full demodulation to extract the Cell ID, the signals can bedemodulated only as far as is required to extract the received Cell ID.

In some wireless networks, pre-configuration data is required in orderto complete the demodulation process. In one such exemplary embodiment,this demodulation data is referenced to location identification. Forinstance, the femtocell can obtain an ID of the country in which thescanned mobile communication system is running (e.g., the mobile countrycode or MCC) via the wireless interface. Alternatively, the femtocellcan select a set of parameters from a stored table or a hard-coded setof parameters. As yet another alternative, the femtocell may activelyquery its location from an external entity (e.g. a network provider,website, third party server, etc.) via the broadband subsystem.

The femtocell should also be able to seamlessly operate with a RAUdisposed in either a nearby device (904), or resident at the CoreNetwork (902). In one such embodiment, the femtocell and RAU areconnected via a broadband type access network (wired or wireless). Inanother embodiment, the femtocell and RAU are connected via a first orsecond radio modem subsystem (e.g., cellular interface). In bothembodiments, the connection allows the RAU to control spectral usage ofthe exemplary femtocell. Therefore, if the femtocell is unable tooperate with the resources specified by the resource allocation message,the femtocell must desist from receiving and or transmitting, or atleast defer to other transmitters.

Resource Allocation Unit (RAU) Apparatus

Implementation of the resource allocation unit (RAU) may be accomplishedin hardware and/or software. The functionality of the RAU may beimplemented as a separate entity in the Core Network (902), or thefunctions may be included in other existing entities such as a ServingGPRS Support Node (SGSN). Furthermore, in some embodiments, thefunctionality of the RAU may be implemented within either a macrocell(e.g. eNB 106) 904, or a femtocell (e.g. HeNB 102). In the exemplaryembodiment described subsequently herein, the RAU entity is implementedwithin software embodied in a computer readable medium (e.g., HDD,memory, etc.) and executable by a processing device (e.g. a digitalprocessor/DSP, microprocessor, etc.), although this is not a requirementof practicing the invention.

The RAU manages and/or stores a table of spectral resources, and theiruse with respect to a group of one or more cells (e.g., femtocells,and/or macrocells). In one embodiment, the RAU manages the currentlyavailable spectral resources (e.g., frequency, bandwidth, code, etc.),currently occupied spectral resources, and any limitations on occupiedspectral resources. In this case, the RAU manages a time-frequency gridcomprised of time-frequency resources, where each resource is furtherallocated for dedicated or shared use as previously described. For eachof the dedicated resource listings, the RAU stores its current state.For example, each dedicated resource listing may be assigned one of thefollowing, (i) one cell ID, and (ii) “unoccupied and available” status,or (iii) “not available” status. For each of the shared resourcelistings, the RAU may or may not store additional usage information. Forexample, each shared resource listing may be assigned: (i) norestriction, (ii) a guaranteed minimum data rate, (iii) a guaranteedmaximum data rate, (iv) voice only, (v) data only, (vi) public accessonly, etc.

While the present embodiment suggests the storage of data local to theRAU functionality, it is appreciated that remote storage of the data maybe utilized as well. For example, a network operator RAU may maintainentries for a large number of femtocells. The size of such a databasewould typically be handled at a remote storage facility, but this is nota requirement, and in fact the data may be distributed across two ormore storage entities if desired.

Furthermore, it is understood that multiple methods for obtainingcurrently used resources may be utilized. For example these methods mayinclude periodic or event-driven refresh and reclamation procedures.Reclamation of valuable spectrum may be critical for nomadic femtocelloperation where the previously assigned femtocell may experience, e.g. a“dirty” power off sequence.

During operation, a RAU assigns spectral resources to requestingfemtocells, based on information from the received resource request(e.g., a requested bandwidth). While in an exemplary embodiment, theprimary input for resource allocation is from the femtocell, it isappreciated that other inputs may be necessary and further may overridethe femtocell resource request. In certain circumstances, the RAU maydetermine that the femtocell resource request is to be ignored, and nosuch resource is allocated to the femtocell. Such a circumstance mayoccur due to network burden, business accounting (e.g., non-payment of amonthly bill), improper/unsupported hardware, security, etc. Furthermoreit is appreciated that the resource pool selected from by the RAU maynot be a comprehensive pool of resources (such limitations may beimposed for hardware/software compatibility issues, security issues,business issues etc.).

Example Operation

The following operational example illustrates one or more of the variousaspects of the present invention. Referring back to the time-frequencygrid 300 of FIG. 3, a first, second, third, and fourth HeNB 102 arecurrently operating. Each HeNB has identified a corresponding sharedresource 302 for permanent downlink signaling. All four HeNBs aresharing communal resources for flexible data usage. A fifth HeNB ispowered on and needs to obtain resources for operation. The followingtwo scenarios represent self-configuration and network-basedconfiguration operation, based on pre-configured or derived settings ofthe fifth HeNB.

If the fifth HeNB 102 is set for or self-determines that it shouldinvoke self-configuration, then the HeNB scans the air interface withinthe configured frequency range for synchronization signals fromneighboring HeNBs. The HeNB detects that all currently availableresources are occupied; the time-frequency grid 300 has already beenallocated with respect to each of the shared resources for permanentdownlink signaling. The HeNB accordingly then switches to RAU assistedself-configuration, and scans for the cell IDs of its neighboring HeNBs.The HeNB sends a resource request message to the Resource AllocationUnit (RAU). The resource request message includes the cell IDs ofsurrounding HeNBs.

The RAU has two possibilities: the RAU may assign a dedicated resource502 to the HeNB 102, or the RAU may transmit a reconfiguration messageto all (i.e., the first, second third, fourth), or a subset of, theextant HeNBs.

If the RAU assigns a dedicated resource 502 to the fifth HeNB, then theRAU must update the time-frequency grid 300 for all HeNBs (first,second, third, fourth, and fifth) indicating that the time-frequencyresource allocated for the fifth HeNB is no longer available for sharedresource operation or user data. In other scenarios, the RAU may denyservice to the fifth HeNB, to continue its existing resourceallocations.

Alternately, the RAU may open a new set of shared resources. In thiscase, the RAU transmits reconfiguration messages to all HeNBs 102identifying new shared time-frequency resources; each HeNB accordinglyreassesses to adjust their operation. Each HeNB which is assigned a newresource transmits permanent downlink signals on its newly assignedresource, and the configuration of the community of HeNBs is ended.

If the fifth HeNB 102 is set for or otherwise determines thatnetwork-based configuration is appropriate, then the fifth HeNB willalign itself with the network based on a wireless or wire-lineconnection.

If the fifth HeNB 102 selects wire-line operation, it directly contactsthe RAU for an updated time-frequency grid. If the RAU identifies aseries of possible shared resources, then the fifth HeNB may select oneof the possible shared resources, and commence operation. If the RAUidentifies a dedicated resource, then the fifth HeNB commences operationwith the dedicated resource.

Alternately, if the fifth HeNB 102 performs wireless operation, it scansthe air interface within its pre-configured frequency ranges for systeminformation from neighboring eNBs 106. If the HeNB identifiescontradictory configuration information, then the HeNB informs the RAU(or RAUs). The RAU establishes appropriate configuration parameters. Theconfiguration parameters are broadcast by the LTE eNBs. Each of theHeNBs then updates their parameters accordingly.

Business Methods and Rules Engine

It will be recognized that the foregoing network apparatus andmethodologies may be readily adapted to various business models. Forexample, in one such model, a service provider/network operator mayprovide an enhanced-capability femtocell (such as that describedpreviously herein) to customers willing to pay a premium, or as anincentive for its higher-tier customers.

In another paradigm, certain strategic users could be selected toreceive such enhanced-capability femtocells based on inter alia theirsubscription level, rate of usage, geographic location, etc., even inexchange for consideration from the network operator (e.g., a rebate orreduction of their monthly service fees if they operate the femtocell inaccordance with the network provider policies).

The aforementioned network apparatus and methodologies may also bereadily adapted for operation in accordance with an underlying businessrules “engine”. This business rules engine may comprise for example asoftware application and/or hardware, and is implemented in oneembodiment as a separate entity at the Core Network, or alternativelywithin an existing entity residing at the Core Network or other networkmanagement process (including the RAU(s)).

In one embodiment, the business rules engine takes into account therevenue and/or profit implications associated with providing resourcesto one or more user-operated femtocells so that the resource allocationto the femtocell does not negatively impact network user experience, orthe services that are able to be provided to users on the network viathe geographically fixed base stations. Accordingly, the exemplarybusiness rules engine can modify the behavior of the system at specificsteps described in the methodologies above in order to accomplish one ormore economic or operational objectives for the network operator.

For instance, evaluation of the request from a femtocell for resources(e.g., frequency spectrum) may include an analysis of the incrementalcost, revenue, and/or profit associated with the various allocationoptions (i.e., allocation to the requesting femtocell, or denial of therequest and allocation to another femtocell, or a static base station).These “business rules” may be imposed e.g., at time of resource requestand then maintained for a period of time (or until an event triggering are-evaluation occurs), or alternatively according to a periodic or evenrandomized model. In another variant, the party who owns the resourcesis tasked with making business-related decisions.

As yet another alternative, the femtocell may be equipped with logic(e.g., a business rules engine or component thereof such as a clientportion of a distributed application) that is configured to analyze andmake business or operational decisions relating to the business modelbetween the client device (e.g., UE) and the femtocell. For instance,the femtocell may preferentially process or allocate resources tocertain requesting users based on their status (e.g., as existingsubscribers of the service provider associated with the Core Network,the type of service requested and revenue/profit implications associatedtherewith, etc.)

Myriad different schemes for implementing dynamic allocation ofresources will be recognized by those of ordinary skill given thepresent disclosure.

It will be recognized that while certain aspects of the invention aredescribed in terms of a specific sequence of steps of a method, thesedescriptions are only illustrative of the broader methods of theinvention, and may be modified as required by the particularapplication. Certain steps may be rendered unnecessary or optional undercertain circumstances. Additionally, certain steps or functionality maybe added to the disclosed embodiments, or the order of performance oftwo or more steps permuted. All such variations are considered to beencompassed within the invention disclosed and claimed herein.

While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointedout novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments,it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changesin the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be madeby those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Theforegoing description is of the best mode presently contemplated ofcarrying out the invention. This description is in no way meant to belimiting, but rather should be taken as illustrative of the generalprinciples of the invention. The scope of the invention should bedetermined with reference to the claims.

1. A method for selecting a configuration mode for a femtocell apparatususeful in a wireless network, the method comprising: determining anoccupational level of a plurality of radio resources; and if theoccupational level of the plurality of radio resources comprises atleast one available radio resource, then entering a self-configurationmode; otherwise entering a network-based configuration mode.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the self-configuration mode enables thefemtocell apparatus to find one or more available radio resourceswithout exchanging messages with a core portion of the wireless network.3. The method of claim 1, wherein the network-based configuration modeenables the femtocell apparatus to find one or more available radioresources by exchanging messages with the core portion of the network.4. The method of claim 1, wherein the wireless network comprises a LongTerm Evolution (LTE) cellular network, the femtocell apparatus comprisesa HeNB, and the determining an occupational level of a plurality ofradio resources comprises determining an occupational level of time andfrequency resources associated with spectral access of the network. 5.The method of claim 4, wherein the method is performed at startup orinitialization of the femtocell.
 6. A method for reconfiguring atime-frequency grid in a wireless network comprising at least onefemtocell apparatus, the method comprising: determining whether a changein level of resources is needed for the at least one femtocellapparatus; and instructing the at least one femtocell apparatus toutilize a resource for transmission of downlink signals in the wirelessnetwork based at least in part on the act of determining.
 7. The methodof claim 6, wherein the instructing comprises a message exchange betweenthe at least one femtocell apparatus and a component on a core portionof the wireless network via a wired communications link.
 8. The methodof claim 6, wherein the instructing comprise a message exchange betweenthe at least one femtocell apparatus and one or more base stationapparatus of the wireless network via a wireless communications link. 9.The method of claim 8, wherein the wireless network comprises a LongTerm Evolution (LTE) cellular network, the femtocell apparatus comprisesan HeNB, the base station apparatus comprises an eNB macrocell, and themessage exchange via a wireless link comprises sending at least onemessage between the HeNB and the eNB via a cellular air interface. 10.The method of claim 8, wherein the wireless network comprises a LongTerm Evolution (LTE) cellular network, the femtocell apparatus comprisesan HeNB, the base station apparatus comprises an eNB macrocell, and themessage exchange via a wireless link comprises sending at least onemessage between the HeNB and the eNB via a WiMAX-compliant airinterface.
 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the determining whether achange in level of resources is needed for the at least one femtocellapparatus comprises determining whether any resource conflicts existbetween the femtocell apparatus and another base station apparatuscurrently operating within the network.
 12. A femtocell capable ofoperating within a wireless network, the femtocell comprising: aprocessing device coupled to a memory; a wireless subsystem; a networkinterface subsystem in communication with a core portion of the wirelessnetwork; and a plurality of executable instructions resident within thememory that, when executed by the processing device: detect anoccupation level of the available wireless network; select an operatingmode from a self-configuration mode and a network-assisted configurationmode based at least in part on the detection of the occupation level,the operating mode comprising a definition of a resource grididentifying at least: (i) a shared resource for a first permanentdownlink signal, (ii) a dedicated resource for a second permanentdownlink signal, and (iii) a shared resource for a plurality of userdata; and reconfigure the wireless subsystem based at least in part onthe selected operating mode, the reconfiguring being performed duringfemtocell operation.
 13. Resource allocation apparatus for use within awireless network, wherein at least a subset of the resources are usedfor transmission of permanent downlink signals, the apparatuscomprising. a processing device coupled to a memory; a communicationsinterface subsystem for communication with at least one femtocell of thenetwork; and a plurality of executable instructions resident within thememory that, when executed by the processing device: receive a requestfor resource allocation from the at least one femtocell via theinterface subsystem; access a stored data structure within the memory todetermine whether the at least one requesting femtocell should begranted the requested resource for transmission of permanent downlinksignals; and generate a communication back to the requesting at leastone femtocell indicating at least one of a grant or denial of therequest.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the apparatus issubstantially co-located with a macrocell base station.
 15. Theapparatus of claim 13, wherein the stored data structure contains datarelating to a mapping or grid of time-frequency resources within thenetwork.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the resources compriseboth dedicated resources and shared resources.
 17. The apparatus ofclaim 13, wherein the communications interface subsystem comprises abroadband wireless interface.
 18. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein thecommunications interface subsystem comprises a cellular wirelessinterface.
 19. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising a broadbandinterface in communication with a core portion of the wireless network.20. Femtocell apparatus for use in a cellular network, the femtocellapparatus comprising logic configured to enable the femtocell apparatusto selectively implement either a substantially autonomous ornetwork-based configuration process, the selective implementationallowing a consumer to operate the femtocell device in proximity to atleast one other base station of the network without substantialinterference therefrom and without particular knowledge thereof.